Compartment Syndrome: Causes and Symptoms

At Forté Sports Medicine, we provide expert care and guidance for conditions that might interfere with your ability to stay active and healthy. One such condition is compartment syndrome, which can significantly impact your performance and quality of life. Whether you're an athlete or an active individual experiencing leg pain, swelling or other concerning symptoms, learning about this condition can help you take the steps needed for a healthier, pain-free future. If you're in Central Indiana, we're here to help with specialized care and treatment options to address your concerns. Contact us today for any questions you have.

What Is Compartment Syndrome?

Compartment syndrome is a painful condition resulting from increased pressure within a muscle compartment—an area of muscles and tissues bound by fascia. If left untreated, this pressure can disrupt blood flow and nerve function, damaging the affected muscles and nerves. Recognizing and treating compartment syndrome early is crucial to prevent long-term damage.

What Are the Compartment Syndrome Causes?

Compartment syndrome occurs when excessive pressure builds up within a muscle compartment, often because of injury, trauma or repetitive activities. This condition is commonly caused by fractures, crush injuries or prolonged physical exertion that leads to swelling or bleeding within the muscles, restricting blood flow and oxygen delivery. Acute compartment syndrome typically arises after sudden trauma, while chronic compartment syndrome tends to develop gradually due to overuse, often seen in athletes or individuals engaging in repetitive motions. If left untreated, it can lead to permanent muscle or nerve damage, making early diagnosis and treatment vital.

Learn More About Compartment Syndrome Treatments

The treatment for compartment syndrome depends on the type and severity of your condition. Options may include the following:

Acute Compartment Syndrome

Requires a surgical procedure called fasciotomy, where the fascia is cut open to relieve pressure and restore blood flow.

Chronic Compartment Syndrome

• Modifying activity levels or switching to low-impact exercises like swimming.
• Physical therapy to improve muscle strength and flexibility.
• Anti-inflammatory medications to alleviate symptoms.
• Surgery in severe cases, similar to the fasciotomy used for acute cases.

What Are the Symptoms?

Symptoms of compartment syndrome can vary depending on its severity and type. If you experience these symptoms after an injury or while exercising, it's essential to consult a healthcare provider. The common signs to watch for include the following:

• Severe Pain - Disproportionate to the injury and worsens with movement.
• Swelling or Tightness - The affected area may feel unusually firm or tight.
• Numbness or Tingling - Loss of sensation, especially in the lower legs or arms.
• Weakness - Difficulty moving the affected limb or muscles.
• Visible or Palpable Swelling - Notable enlargement in the affected area.
• Difficulty Walking - Often seen in the chronic form, particularly in athletes or runners.

How Common Is This Condition?

Acute compartment syndrome is relatively rare but can occur after events such as fractures, crush injuries, or burns. Chronic compartment syndrome, on the other hand, is more common among athletes due to repetitive strain on the legs. By staying informed and seeking timely care, you can manage this condition effectively and minimize its impact on your daily activities.

Are There Varying Types of Compartment Syndrome?

Yes, there are distinct types of compartment syndrome, each with unique characteristics. These include the following:

• Acute Compartment Syndrome - Requires immediate medical attention due to the risk of permanent tissue damage.
• Chronic Compartment Syndrome - Manifests gradually and is often triggered by physical activity.
• Exertional Compartment Syndrome - A subtype of chronic compartment syndrome, usually seen in athletes.

How Do Providers Diagnose the Illness?

Diagnosing compartment syndrome involves a combination of clinical evaluation and specific tests. At Forté Sports Medicine and Orthopedics, our specialists focus on a thorough assessment to identify your condition accurately. Steps may include:

• Physical Examination - Your healthcare provider will check for tightness, swelling and tenderness in the affected area.
• Pressure Measurement Test - A needle or catheter is inserted into the muscle compartment to measure the pressure levels. High pressure confirms the diagnosis.
• MRI or Ultrasound - Advanced imaging may help rule out other conditions or pinpoint underlying causes.

Activity Testing

For chronic cases, providers might ask you to perform specific exercises  like running, lifting weights, etc. to replicate symptoms for an accurate diagnosis.

How Soon After Treatment Will I Feel Better?

Recovery time depends on the severity of your condition and the treatment approach. For acute compartment syndrome, surgical recovery may take 6-8 weeks with proper rehabilitation. Chronic cases often improve within weeks to months after activity modification, therapy or surgery. Patients treated at Forté Sports Medicine receive individualized treatment plans, including exercises and follow-up care, to speed up recovery and prevent recurrence.

Is This Syndrome Preventable?

While compartment syndrome can occur unexpectedly, certain measures can help minimize the chances of developing this condition. Maintaining proper form during physical activities and avoiding overexertion can reduce unnecessary muscle strain. Additionally, promptly addressing injuries and allowing adequate recovery time is key in preventing complications. There's no guaranteed way to prevent compartment syndrome, but you can reduce your risk by taking these proactive steps:

Gradually Increase Activity Levels

Avoid sudden increases in workout intensity or duration.

Wear Proper Gear

Shoes with adequate support can reduce strain on your legs. Our partner, Athletic Annex can help align our patients with the correct footwear with a foot scan, gait analysis and more.

Listen To Your Body

Stop and seek help for unusual pain or discomfort during physical activity.

Stay Hydrated

Proper hydration supports muscle health and recovery.

Maintain Good Muscle Health

Regular stretching, strengthening exercises and rest days between workouts can help prevent chronic cases.

Take the First Step Toward a Pain-Free Life

If you're experiencing symptoms of compartment syndrome or want to learn more about maintaining your musculoskeletal health, Forté Sports Medicine and Orthopedics is here to help. Serving patients in Carmel, Greenwood, Noblesville, Mooresville and Tipton, IN, we're committed to providing expert care to help you get back to the activities you love. Schedule your consultation today and take the first step toward understanding and managing compartment syndrome.